ABSTRACT
Vaccination, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is a success story in global health and development that saves millions of lives each year. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the importance of immunizations in combating Covid-19 was highlighted, and vaccination was recognized as the most effective technique for paving the way out of the epidemic. However, this technique faces a number of challenges, most notably in the vaccine value chain, which has been linked to a number of factors, including market volatility and vaccination demand, which make raw material supply difficult, particularly during pandemics when it is critical to deliver an effective, safe, and high-quality product quickly. Add to it the complexity of production, the difficulty of maintaining the cold chain throughout storage and distribution, quality control and testing, tougher regulatory requirements, and a myriad of other barriers to fulfilling vaccine objectives. As a result, recognizing and resolving difficulties is crucial for establishing a reliable vaccination value chain. In this article, we will give a general framework of value chain then we will discuss the vaccine value chain, including its characteristics, issues, and obstacles, as well as the context of Covid 19 and prospective advancements. © 2022 IEEE.